Scaled interfacial activity of proteins at the liquid–vapor interface

A principal conclusion drawn from observations of time‐ and concentration‐dependent liquid–vapor (LV) interfacial tension γ lv of a diverse selection of proteins ranging from albumin to ubiquitin spanning nearly three decades in molecular weight (MW) is that concentration scaling substantially alters perception of protein interfacial activity as measured by reduction in γ lv . Proteins appear more similar than dissimilar on a weight/volume basis, whereas molarity scaling reveals a “Traube‐rule” ordering by MW, suggesting that adsorption is substantially driven by solution concentration rather than diversity in protein amphilicity. Scaling as a ratio‐to‐physiological‐concentration demonstrates that certain proteins exhibit the full possible range of interfacial activity at and well‐below physiological concentration, whereas others are only weakly surface active within this range, requiring substantially higher solution concentration to achieve reduction in γ lv . Important among this latter category of proteins are the blood factors XII and XIIa, assumed by the classical biochemical mechanism of plasma coagulation to adsorb to procoagulant surfaces, even in the presence of overwhelming concentrations of other blood constituents such as albumin and immunoglobulin that are shown by this work to be among the class of highly surface‐active proteins at physiologic concentration. A comparison of pendant drop and Wilhelmy balance tensiometry as tools for assessing protein interfacial activity shows that measurement conditions employed in the typical Wilhelmy plate approach fails to achieve the steady‐state adsorption condition that is accessible to pendant drop tensiometry. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 68A: 544–557, 2004