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Quenched coumarin derivatives as fluorescence lifetime phantoms for NADH and FAD
Author(s) -
Freymüller Christian,
Kalinina Sviatlana,
Rück Angelika,
Sroka Ronald,
Rühm Adrian
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
journal of biophotonics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.877
H-Index - 66
eISSN - 1864-0648
pISSN - 1864-063X
DOI - 10.1002/jbio.202100024
Subject(s) - fluorescence , biophotonics , coumarin , fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy , chemistry , photon , materials science , nanotechnology , optics , optoelectronics , physics , organic chemistry , photonics
Two‐photon fluorescence lifetime imaging is a versatile laboratory technique in the field of biophotonics and its importance is also growing in the field of in vivo diagnostics for medical purposes. After years of experience in dermatology, endoscopic implementations of the technique are now posing new technical challenges. To develop, test, and compare instrumental solutions for this purpose suitable reference samples have been devised and tested. These reference samples can serve as reliable NADH‐ and FAD‐mimicking optical phantoms for 2‐photon fluorescence lifetime imaging, as they can be prepared relatively easily with reproducible and stable characteristics for this quite relevant diagnostic technique. The reference samples (mixtures of coumarin 1 and coumarin 6 in ethanol with suitable amounts of 4‐hydroxy‐TEMPO) have been tuned to exhibit spectral and temporal fluorescence characteristics very similar to those of NADH and FAD, the two molecules most frequently utilized to characterize cell metabolism.