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Differentiating responses of lung cancer cell lines to Doxorubicin exposure: in vitro Raman micro spectroscopy, oxidative stress and bcl‐2 protein expression
Author(s) -
Farhane Zeineb,
Bonnier Franck,
Maher Marcus Alexander,
Bryant Jane,
Casey Alan,
Byrne Hugh James
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
journal of biophotonics
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.877
H-Index - 66
eISSN - 1864-0648
pISSN - 1864-063X
DOI - 10.1002/jbio.201600019
Subject(s) - a549 cell , cell culture , apoptosis , oxidative stress , doxorubicin , flow cytometry , dna damage , biophysics , cytoplasm , mechanism of action , reactive oxygen species , chemistry , microbiology and biotechnology , in vitro , cancer cell , biology , biochemistry , dna , cancer , genetics , chemotherapy
The potential of Raman micro spectroscopy as an in vitro , non‐invasive tool for clinical applications has been demonstrated in recent years, specifically for cancer research. To further illustrate its potential as a high content and label free technique, it is important to show its capability to elucidate drug mechanisms of action and cellular resistances. In this study, cytotoxicity assays were employed to establish the toxicity profiles for 24 hr exposure of lung cancer cell lines, A549 and Calu‐1, to the commercially available drug, doxorubicin (DOX). Raman spectroscopy, coupled with Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and Flow Cytometry, was used to track the DOX mechanism of action, at a subcellular level, and to study the mechanisms of cellular resistance to DOX. Biomarkers related to the drug mechanism of action and cellular resistance to apoptosis, namely reactive oxygen species (ROS) and bcl‐2 protein expression, respectively, were also measured and correlated to Raman spectral profiles. Calu‐1 cells are shown to exhibit spectroscopic signatures of both direct DNA damage due to intercalation in the nucleus and indirect damage due to oxidative stress in the cytoplasm, whereas the A549 cell line only exhibits signatures of the former mechanism of action.PCA of nucleolar, nuclear and cytoplasmic regions of A549 and Calu‐1 with corresponding loadings of PC1 and PC2