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Demonstration of the first‐pass metabolism in the skin of the hair dye, 4‐amino‐2‐hydroxytoluene, using the Chip2 skin–liver microphysiological model
Author(s) -
Tao Thi Phuong,
Brandmair Katrin,
Gerlach Silke,
Przibilla Julia,
Géniès Camille,
JacquesJamin Carine,
Schepky Andreas,
Marx Uwe,
Hewitt Nicola J.,
Maschmeyer Ilka,
Kühnl Jochen
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
journal of applied toxicology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.784
H-Index - 87
eISSN - 1099-1263
pISSN - 0260-437X
DOI - 10.1002/jat.4146
Subject(s) - metabolite , bioavailability , in vivo , cmax , pharmacology , metabolism , chemistry , first pass effect , butylated hydroxytoluene , pharmacokinetics , medicine , biology , biochemistry , microbiology and biotechnology , antioxidant
Abstract We used TissUse's HUMIMIC Chip2 microfluidic model, incorporating reconstructed skin models and liver spheroids, to investigate the impact of consumer‐relevant application scenarios on the metabolic fate of the hair dye, 4‐amino‐2‐hydroxytoluene (AHT). After a single topical or systemic application of AHT to Chip2 models, medium was analysed for parent and metabolites over 5 days. The metabolic profile of a high dose (resulting in a circuit concentration of 100 μM based on 100% bioavailability) of AHT was the same after systemic and topical application to 96‐well EpiDerm™ models. Additional experiments indicated that metabolic capacity of EpiDerm™ models were saturated at this dose. At 2.5 μM, concentrations of AHT and several of its metabolites differed between application routes. Topical application resulted in a higher C max and a 327% higher area under the curve (AUC) of N ‐acetyl‐AHT, indicating a first‐pass effect in the EpiDerm™ models. In accordance with in vivo observations, there was a concomitant decrease in the C max and AUC of AHT‐ O ‐sulphate after topical, compared with systemic application. A similar alteration in metabolite ratios was observed using a 24‐well full‐thickness skin model, EpiDermFT™, indicating that a first‐pass effect was also possible to detect in a more complex model. In addition, washing the EpiDermFT™ after 30 min, thus reflecting consumer use, decreased the systemic exposure to AHT and its metabolites. In conclusion, the skin–liver Chip2 model can be used to (a) recapitulate the first‐pass effect of the skin and alterations in the metabolite profile of AHT observed in vivo and (b) provide consumer‐relevant data regarding leave‐on/rinse‐off products.