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All‐cause mortality increased by environmental cadmium exposure in the Japanese general population in cadmium non‐polluted areas
Author(s) -
Suwazono Yasushi,
Nogawa Kazuhiro,
Morikawa Yuko,
Nishijo Muneko,
Kobayashi Etsuko,
Kido Teruhiko,
Nakagawa Hideaki,
Nogawa Koji
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
journal of applied toxicology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.784
H-Index - 87
eISSN - 1099-1263
pISSN - 0260-437X
DOI - 10.1002/jat.3077
Subject(s) - hazard ratio , quartile , confidence interval , cadmium , medicine , creatinine , proportional hazards model , population , cohort , cohort study , chemistry , environmental health , organic chemistry
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of environmental cadmium (Cd) exposure indicated by urinary Cd on all‐cause mortality in the Japanese general population. A 19‐year cohort study was conducted in 1067 men and 1590 women aged 50 years or older who lived in three cadmium non‐polluted areas in Japan. The subjects were divided into four quartiles based on creatinine adjusted U‐Cd (µg g −1 cre). The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for continuous U‐Cd or the quartiles of U‐Cd were estimated for all‐cause mortality using a proportional hazards regression.The all‐cause mortality rates per 1000 person years were 31.2 and 15.1 in men and women, respectively. Continuous U‐Cd (+1 µg g −1 cre) was significantly related to the all‐cause mortality in men (HR 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02–1.09) and women (HR 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01–1.07). Furthermore in men, the third (1.96–3.22 µg g −1 cre) and fourth quartile (≥3.23 µg g −1 cre) of U‐Cd showed a significant, positive HR (third: HR 1.35, 95% CI: 1.03–1.77, fourth: HR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.26–2.14) for all‐cause mortality compared with the first quartile (<1.14 µg g −1 cre). In women, the fourth quartile of U‐Cd (≥4.66 µg g −1 cre) also showed a significant HR (1.49, 95% CI 1.11–2.00) for all‐cause mortality compared with the first quartile (<1.46 µg g −1 cre).In the present study, U‐Cd was significantly associated with increased mortality in the Japanese general population, indicating that environmental Cd exposure adversely affects the life prognosis in Cd non‐polluted areas in Japan. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.