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Toxicity assessment of manganese oxide micro and nanoparticles in Wistar rats after 28 days of repeated oral exposure
Author(s) -
Singh Shailendra Pratap,
Kumari Monika,
Kumari Srinivas I.,
Rahman Mohammed F.,
Mahboob M.,
Grover Paramjit
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
journal of applied toxicology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.784
H-Index - 87
eISSN - 1099-1263
pISSN - 0260-437X
DOI - 10.1002/jat.2887
Subject(s) - micronucleus test , genotoxicity , micronucleus , toxicity , chemistry , lactate dehydrogenase , alkaline phosphatase , pharmacology , kidney , alanine transaminase , carcinogen , medicine , biochemistry , enzyme , organic chemistry
In the near future, nanotechnology is envisaged for large‐scale use. Hence health and safety issues of nanoparticles (NPs) should be promptly addressed. Twenty‐eight‐day oral toxicity, genotoxicity, biochemical alterations, histopathological changes and tissue distribution of nano and microparticles (MPs) of manganese oxide (MnO 2 ) in Wistar rats was studied. Genotoxicity was assessed using comet, micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays. The results demonstrated a significant increase in DNA damage in leukocytes, micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells after exposure of MnO 2 ‐NPs at 1000, 300 mg kg –1 bw per day and MnO 2 ‐MPs at the dose of 1000 mg kg –1 bw per day. Our findings showed acetylcholinestrase inhibition at 1000 as well as at 300 mg kg –1 bw per day in blood and with all the doses in the brain indicating the toxicity of MnO 2 ‐NPs. Further, the doses significantly inhibited different ATPases in the brain P 2 fraction. Significant changes were observed in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the liver, kidney and serum in a dose‐dependent manner. MnO 2 ‐MPs at 1000 mg kg –1 bw per day were found to induce significant alterations in biochemical enzymes. A significant distribution was found in all the tissues in a dose‐dependent manner. MnO 2 ‐NPs showed a much higher absorptivity and tissue distribution as compared with MnO 2 ‐MPs. A large fraction of MnO 2 ‐NPs and MnO 2 ‐MPs was cleared by urine and feces. Histopathological analysis revealed that MnO 2 ‐NPs caused alterations in liver, spleen, kidney and brain. The MnO 2 ‐NPs induced toxicity at lower doses compared with MnO 2 ‐MPs. Further, this study did not display gender differences after exposure to MnO 2 ‐NPs and MnO 2 ‐MPs. Therefore, the results suggested that prolonged exposure to MnO 2 has the potential to cause genetic damage, biochemical alterations and histological changes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.