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Cytotoxic, genotoxic and the hemolytic effect of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles on human erythrocyte and lymphocyte cells in vitro
Author(s) -
Ghosh Manosij,
Chakraborty Anirban,
Mukherjee Anita
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
journal of applied toxicology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.784
H-Index - 87
eISSN - 1099-1263
pISSN - 0260-437X
DOI - 10.1002/jat.2863
Subject(s) - cytotoxic t cell , genotoxicity , apoptosis , comet assay , chemistry , nanoparticle , biophysics , cytotoxicity , hemolysis , hemoglobin , annexin , in vitro , microbiology and biotechnology , biochemistry , dna damage , biology , nanotechnology , materials science , toxicity , immunology , dna , organic chemistry
With the increasing clinical use of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles, a better understanding of their safety in the blood stream is required. The present study evaluates the toxic effect of commercially available TiO 2 nanoparticles (~100 nm) using a battery of cytotoxic, genotoxic, hemolytic and morphological parameters. The cytotoxic effects of TiO 2 nanoparticles in human lymphocyte cells were studied with respect to membrane damage, mitochondrial function, metabolic activity and lysosomal membrane stability. Genotoxicity in lymphocyte cells was quantitated using a comet assay. The mode of cell death (apoptosis/necrosis) was evaluated using PI/Annexin V staining. TiO 2 nanoparticles were also evaluated for their hemolytic properties, osmotic fragility and interaction with hemoglobin. Human erythrocyte cells were studied for morphological alterations using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results suggest that the particles could induce a significant reduction in mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity in human lymphocyte cells. Membrane integrity remained unaffected by nanoparticle treatment. DNA damage and apoptosis were induced by TiO 2 nanoparticles in a dose‐dependent manner. A study on human erythrocyte cells revealed a hemolytic property of TiO 2 nanoparticles characterized by spherocytosis and echinocytosis. Spectral analysis revealed a hemoglobin TiO 2 nanoparticle interaction. Our in vitro study results suggest that commercially available blood contacting nanoparticles (TiO 2 nanoparticle) should be carefully evaluated for their toxic potential. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.