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Use of GC × GC/TOF‐MS and LC/TOF‐MS for metabolomic analysis of Hyalella azteca chronically exposed to atrazine and its primary metabolite, desethylatrazine
Author(s) -
RalstonHooper Kimberly J.,
Adamec Jiri,
Jannash Amber,
Mollenhauer Robert,
OchoaAcuña Hugo,
Sepúlveda Maria S.
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
journal of applied toxicology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.784
H-Index - 87
eISSN - 1099-1263
pISSN - 0260-437X
DOI - 10.1002/jat.1587
Subject(s) - metabolomics , metabolite , atrazine , hyalella azteca , gas chromatography–mass spectrometry , chemistry , primary metabolite , environmental chemistry , chromatography , gas chromatography , pesticide , mass spectrometry , biology , biochemistry , ecology , amphipoda , crustacean
Atrazine is one of the most commonly detected contaminants in the U.S. Little information is available on one of atrazine's metabolites, desethylatrazine (DEA). Two‐dimensional gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with time of flight‐ mass spectrometry were used to examine metabolite profiles of Hyalella azteca chronically exposed to 30 µg/L atrazine and DEA. The majority of identified metabolites were by‐products of β‐oxidation of fatty acids suggesting possible disruption in energy metabolism. Eicosanoids increased in exposed females suggesting possible perturbations in neuropeptide hormonal systems. Overall, this research demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing metabolomic profiling of invertebrate species exposed to environmental contaminants as a way to determine mechanisms of toxicity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.