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The Refined and Further Defined Freedom Paradigm: A Response to Ottens and MacCluskie
Author(s) -
Hanna Fred J.
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
counselor education and supervision
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.608
H-Index - 40
eISSN - 1556-6978
pISSN - 0011-0035
DOI - 10.1002/j.1556-6978.2012.00016.x
Subject(s) - modalities , psychology , degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) , academic freedom , value (mathematics) , orientation (vector space) , mental health , freedom of choice , control (management) , negative liberty , epistemology , social psychology , psychotherapist , sociology , computer science , law , artificial intelligence , higher education , social science , political science , mathematics , philosophy , physics , geometry , quantum mechanics , machine learning , politics
The proposed freedom paradigm is briefly reviewed as an overarching framework that may provide a structure for integrating the counseling profession and counseling theories. Freedom is defined and discussed in terms of four modalities: freedom from , freedom to , freedom with , and freedom for . This is followed by a response to comments on Hanna's (2011) article and addresses such topics as the nature of practice, the value of techniques, hypnotherapy, and the applicability of the paradigm for mental health professionals in general. A further clarification of counseling toward object orientation and internal control is also included.