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Calibrating Hydraulic Analyses of Distribution Systems Using Fluoride Tracer Studies
Author(s) -
Kennedy Mark S.,
Sarikelle Simsek,
Suravallop Khis
Publication year - 1991
Publication title -
journal ‐ american water works association
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.466
H-Index - 74
eISSN - 1551-8833
pISSN - 0003-150X
DOI - 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1991.tb07179.x
Subject(s) - tracer , environmental science , distribution (mathematics) , field (mathematics) , hydrology (agriculture) , geology , geotechnical engineering , mathematics , physics , mathematical analysis , pure mathematics , nuclear physics
Accurate predictions of pipe velocities by hydraulic models are critical to enable modeling of water quality in distribution systems. Procedures are presented for verifying pipe velocities with travel‐time studies using fluoride as a conservative tracer. Results of a field study indicate that intermittent operation of fluoridation equipment is a relatively simple and effective way to determine travel times within a distribution system. These travel times can then be used to calibrate hydraulic models with respect to water demands and usage patterns.