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Design and Operation of a Slow Sand Filter
Author(s) -
Seelaus Timothy J.,
Hendricks David W.,
Jais Brian A.
Publication year - 1986
Publication title -
journal ‐ american water works association
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.466
H-Index - 74
eISSN - 1551-8833
pISSN - 0003-150X
DOI - 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1986.tb02763.x
Subject(s) - raw water , turbidity , slow sand filter , filtration (mathematics) , effluent , filter (signal processing) , environmental science , water treatment , residual , sand filter , pulp and paper industry , materials science , mineralogy , environmental engineering , geology , mathematics , engineering , wastewater , oceanography , statistics , electrical engineering , algorithm
The design experience at Empire, Colo., and the postdesign evaluation have provided knowledge about the efficiency of the slow sand filtration process at full‐scale and the basis for recommendations concerning slow sand filtration practice. Operation of the filter required daily inspection plus measurement of water depth and effluent turbidity, along with monthly scraping. Scraping required only two workhours, however, and only 0.2 in. (0.5 cm) of surface was removed. The projected life of the sand bed at this rate of removal is 15 years, with a residual depth of 1 ft (0.3 m). Giardia cysts were found in the raw water on five occasions, but none were found in the finished water. Microscopic organisms and particles were found in the raw water but either zero or rare numbers were found in the finished water.