Plant–pollinator interactions in the understory of a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest in Sarawak

Pollination biology of 41 plants species of 21 families blooming in the forest understory was investigated in a lowland mixed diplerocarp forest in Lambir Hills National Park, Sarawak. Among these species, 29 species (71%) were pollinated by bees, four (10%) by nectariniid birds, three by small dipterans, and others by moths, butterflies, syrphid flies, wasps, and beetles. The 29 bee‐pollinated species consisted of five distinct pollination guilds: ten species pollinated by medium traplining bees (two Amegilla species), nine by small traplining bees (three halictid and a xylocopine species), two by stingless bees and beetles, seven by stingless bees, and one by megachilid bees. The bees constituting the first two guilds were shade‐loving, swiftly flying, long‐tongued trapliners. Proboscis lengths of these pollinators correlated with flower depth of the host plant. Pollination systems in the forest understory were distinguished from that in the canopy by the prevalence of specific interactions, the number of traplining solitary bees, and lack of pollination systems by mass‐recruiting eusocial bees, large Xylocopa bees, thrips, bats, and wind. These characteristics are largely similar between the Palaeotropics and the Neotropics through convergence of nectarivorous birds (spiderhunters vs. hummingbirds) and traplining bees ( Amegilla vs. euglossine bees).