PATTERNS OF VARIATION IN FOLIAR TRICHOMES OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN QUERCUS

Scanning electron microscopy of leaf trichomes of the forty two native species of oaks in eastern North America indicates five patterns of variability: 1) Eight trichome types are evident among the species and each species possesses a definite complement of trichome types. Certain trichomes are restricted to particular subgenera and series. 2) An obvious seasonal loss of trichomes occurs during leaf maturation. This loss may be both quantitative in terms of trichome density and qualitative in terms of trichome type. 3) There is an obvious difference between the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The adaxial side of most oak leaves is dark green, lustrous, and glabrous or glabrate. The abaxial surface either remains pubescent, becomes glabrate or glabrous, or maintains trichomes along the midrib or in the axils of major secondary veins. There are also initial quantitative and qualitative trichome differences between the two sides. 4) Geographical and ecological variations are due in part to non‐genetic ecophenic modifications, ecotypic differentiation, and random genetic differences not necessarily correlated with environmental conditions. Trichome types are considered to be less affected by environment than is trichome density. 5) Hybridization and introgression within a subgenus leads to localized variability. Trichomes of hybrids are usually a combination of the parental types. These five patterns of variation are predictable and appear to be held within rather narrow limits. The complement of foliar trichomes, therefore, is a reliable character in the taxonomy of the oaks.