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Premetastatic niches, exosomes and circulating tumor cells: Early mechanisms of tumor dissemination and the relation to surgery
Author(s) -
Raskov Hans,
Orhan Adile,
Salanti Ali,
Gögenur Ismail
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
international journal of cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.475
H-Index - 234
eISSN - 1097-0215
pISSN - 0020-7136
DOI - 10.1002/ijc.32820
Subject(s) - microvesicles , immune system , tumor microenvironment , cancer research , tumor progression , metastasis , cancer cell , cancer , biology , immunology , medicine , microrna , gene , biochemistry
The physiological stress response to surgery promotes wound healing and functional recovery and includes the activation of neural, inflammatory and proangiogenic signaling pathways. Paradoxically, the same pathways also promote metastatic spread and growth of residual cancer. Human and animal studies show that cancer surgery can increase survival, migration and proliferation of residual tumor cells. To secure the survival and growth of disseminated tumor cells, the formation of premetastatic niches in target organs involves a complex interplay between microenvironment, immune system, circulating tumor cells, as well as chemical mediators and exosomes secreted by the primary tumor. This review describes the current understanding of the early mechanisms of dissemination, as well as how surgery may facilitate disease progression.