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Molecular and health effects in the upper respiratory tract associated with tobacco smoking other than cigarettes
Author(s) -
Szyfter Krzysztof,
Napierala Marta,
Florek Ewa,
Braakhuis Boudewijn J. M.,
Takes Robert P.,
Rodrigo Juan P.,
Rinaldo Alessandra,
Silver Carl E.,
Ferlito Alfio
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
international journal of cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.475
H-Index - 234
eISSN - 1097-0215
pISSN - 0020-7136
DOI - 10.1002/ijc.31846
Subject(s) - medicine , tobacco smoke , environmental health , respiratory tract , tobacco use , head and neck , water pipe , cigarette smoking , tobacco harm reduction , respiratory system , surgery , population , mechanical engineering , engineering , inlet
The objective of the review was to compare molecular and health effects of tobacco smoking using cigars, cigarillos, pipe and water pipe in relation to the effects of cigarette smoking. In this review we will focus on the upper respiratory tract. Mechanisms of interaction of tobacco smoke constituents after products other than cigarettes are similar to these associated with cigarette smoking. Carcinogenic activity was demonstrated for any type of tobacco smoking, although the risk of developing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains lower in users of cigars, traditional pipe and water pipe as compared to cigarette smoking. Nevertheless, there is no way of safe tobacco smoking.