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Fruit and vegetable intake and prostate cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)
Author(s) -
PerezCornago Aurora,
Travis Ruth C.,
Appleby Paul N.,
Tsilidis Konstantinos K.,
Tjønneland Anne,
Olsen Anja,
Overvad Kim,
Katzke Verena,
Kühn Tilman,
Trichopoulou Antonia,
Peppa Eleni,
Kritikou Maria,
Sieri Sabina,
Palli Domenico,
Sacerdote Carlotta,
Tumino Rosario,
BuenodeMesquita H. Bas,
Agudo Antonio,
Larrañaga Nerea,
MolinaPortillo Elena,
Ardanaz Eva,
Chirlaque MariaDolores,
Lasheras Cristina,
Stattin Pär,
Wennberg Maria,
Drake Isabel,
Malm Johan,
Schmidt Julie A.,
Khaw KayTee,
Gunter Marc,
Freisling Heinz,
Huybrechts Inge,
Aune Dagfinn,
Cross Amanda J,
Riboli Elio,
Key Timothy J.
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
international journal of cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.475
H-Index - 234
eISSN - 1097-0215
pISSN - 0020-7136
DOI - 10.1002/ijc.30741
Subject(s) - prostate cancer , european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition , medicine , prospective cohort study , cancer , hazard ratio , prostate , proportional hazards model , disease , confidence interval , oncology
Several dietary factors have been studied in relation to prostate cancer; however, most studies have not reported on subtypes of fruit and vegetables or tumor characteristics, and results obtained so far are inconclusive. This study aimed to examine the prospective association of total and subtypes of fruit and vegetable intake with the incidence of prostate cancer overall, by grade and stage of disease, and prostate cancer death. Lifestyle information for 142,239 men participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition from 8 European countries was collected at baseline. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). After an average follow‐up time of 13.9 years, 7,036 prostate cancer cases were identified. Compared with the lowest fifth, those in the highest fifth of total fruit intake had a significantly reduced prostate cancer risk (HR = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.83–0.99; p ‐trend = 0.01). No associations between fruit subtypes and prostate cancer risk were observed, except for citrus fruits, where a significant trend was found (HR = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.86–1.02; p ‐trend = 0.01). No associations between total and subtypes of vegetables and prostate cancer risk were observed. We found no evidence of heterogeneity in these associations by tumor grade and stage, with the exception of significant heterogeneity by tumor grade ( p heterogeneity <0.001) for leafy vegetables. No significant associations with prostate cancer death were observed. The main finding of this prospective study was that a higher fruit intake was associated with a small reduction in prostate cancer risk. Whether this association is causal remains unclear.