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Informing etiologic research priorities for squamous cell esophageal cancer in Africa: A review of setting‐specific exposures to known and putative risk factors
Author(s) -
McCormack V.A.,
Menya D.,
Munishi M.O.,
Dzamalala C.,
Gasmelseed N.,
Leon Roux M.,
Assefa M.,
Osano O.,
Watts M.,
Mwasamwaja A.O.,
Mmbaga B.T.,
Murphy G.,
Abnet C.C.,
Dawsey S.M.,
Schüz J.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
international journal of cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.475
H-Index - 234
eISSN - 1097-0215
pISSN - 0020-7136
DOI - 10.1002/ijc.30292
Subject(s) - etiology , medicine , environmental health , alcohol consumption , esophageal squamous cell carcinoma , esophageal cancer , basal cell , population , squamous cell cancer , oncology , cancer , alcohol , biology , biochemistry
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common cancers in most Eastern and Southern African countries, but its etiology has been understudied to date. To inform its research agenda, we undertook a review to identify, of the ESCC risk factors which have been established or strongly suggested worldwide, those with a high prevalence or high exposure levels in any ESCC‐affected African setting and the sources thereof. We found that for almost all ESCC risk factors known to date, including tobacco, alcohol, hot beverage consumption, nitrosamines and both inhaled and ingested PAHs, there is evidence of population groups with raised exposures, the sources of which vary greatly between cultures across the ESCC corridor. Research encompassing these risk factors is warranted and is likely to identify primary prevention strategies.