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Carcinogenesis associated with parasites other than Schistosoma, Opisthorchis and Clonorchis: A systematic review
Author(s) -
Machicado Claudia,
Marcos Luis A.
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
international journal of cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.475
H-Index - 234
eISSN - 1097-0215
pISSN - 0020-7136
DOI - 10.1002/ijc.30028
Subject(s) - clonorchis sinensis , opisthorchis viverrini , biology , carcinogenesis , fasciola hepatica , immunology , liver fluke , helminthiasis , cancer , opisthorchis , schistosoma haematobium , metastasis , helminths , cancer research , schistosomiasis , genetics
Only three helminths ( Schistosoma haematobium, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis ) are directly associated with carcinogenesis in humans whereas the role of other parasites in cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to perform a systematic review to identify recent insights in the role of other parasite infections in carcinogenesis. We conducted systematic searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE on July 2015. Our primary outcome was the association between parasitic infections and carcinogenesis. Out of 1,266 studies, 19 were selected for detailed evaluation (eight for helminths and 11 for protozoa). The mechanisms of helminth‐induced cancer included chronic inflammation, sustained proliferation, modulation of the host immune system, reprogramming of glucose metabolism and redox signaling, induction of genomic instability and destabilization of suppressor tumor proteins, stimulation of angiogenesis, resisting cell death, and activation of invasion and metastasis. In addition to the current knowledge, the following parasites were found in cancers or tumors: Echinococcus, Strongyloides, Fasciola, Heterakis, Platynosomum and Trichuris. Additional parasites were found in this systematic review that could potentially be associated with cancers or tumors but further evidence is needed to elaborate a cause‐effect relationship.