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International renal‐cell cancer study. I. Tobacco use
Author(s) -
McLaughlin Joseph K.,
Lindblad Per,
Mellemgaard Anders,
McCredie Margaret,
Mandel Jack S.,
Schlehofer Brigitte,
Pommer Wolfgang,
Adami HansOlov
Publication year - 1995
Publication title -
international journal of cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.475
H-Index - 234
eISSN - 1097-0215
pISSN - 0020-7136
DOI - 10.1002/ijc.2910600211
Subject(s) - medicine , confidence interval , relative risk , smokeless tobacco , risk factor , tobacco control , population , kidney cancer , demography , etiology , tobacco use , public health , cancer , environmental health , pathology , sociology
The relationship between renal‐cell cancer (RCC) and tobacco use was investigated in an international, multicenter, population‐based case‐control stud/. Coordinated studies were conducted in Australia, Denmark, Germany, Sweden and the United States using a shared protocol and questionnaire. A total of 1,732 cases (1,050 men, 682 women) and 2,309 controls (1,429 men, 880 women) were interviewed for the study. No association was observed between risk and use of cigars, pipes or smokeless tobacco. A statistically significant association was observed for cigarette smoking, with current smokers having a 40% increase in risk [relative risk (RR) = 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–1.7]. Risk increased with intensity (number of cigarettes) and duration (years smoked). Among current smokers the RR for pack‐years rose from I.I (95% CI 0.8–1.5) for <15.9 pack years to 2.0 (95% CI 1.6–2.7) for >42 pack years (p for trend < 0.001). Long‐term quitters (> 15 years) experienced a reduction in risk of about 15–25% relative to current smokers. Those who started smoking late (>24 years of age) had about two‐thirds the risk of those who started young (< 12 years of age). Overall, the findings of this pooled analysis confirm that cigarette smoking is a causal factor in the etiology of RCC. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.