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Invasive squamous‐cell cervical carcinoma and combined oral contraceptives: Results from a multinational study
Author(s) -
Berry Geoffrey,
Maclennan Robert,
Shearman Rodney,
Jelihovsky Tatiana,
Booth Joan Cooper,
Molina Ramiro,
Martinez Luis,
Salas Oriana,
Dabancens Alfredo,
Zhiheng Chen,
Yun Tao,
Wei Hu Yong,
Cuadros Alvaro,
Aristizabal Nubia,
Modan Baruch,
Ron Elaine,
Alfandary Esther,
Mati J. G.,
Kenya Patrick,
Kungu Alfred,
Gatei D.,
Cuevas Hector Rodriguez,
Salazar Socorro Benavides,
Palet Antonio,
Ontiveros Patricia,
Ibeziako Pat A.,
Junaid T. A.,
Aghediuno P.,
Abioye A. A.,
Apelo Ruben A.,
De la Cruz Julietta R.,
Baens Jose,
Canlas Benjamin D.,
Silpisornkosol Suporn,
Pardthaisong Tieng,
Charoeniam Viruch,
Theetrat Choti,
Boosiri Banpot,
Chutivongse Supawat,
Virutamasen Pramuan,
Wongsrichanalai Chansuda,
Sindhavananda Sermsri,
Koetsawang Suporn,
Rachawat Duangdao,
Koetsawang Amorn,
Riotton Gustave,
Christopherson William M.,
Melnick Joseph L.,
Adam Ervin,
Thomas David B.,
Ray Roberta M.,
Noonan Elizabeth A.,
Stanford Janet L.,
Rosenblatt Karin A.,
Holck Susan,
Meirik Olav,
Farley Timothy M. M.,
Thomas David B.,
Ray Roberta M.
Publication year - 1993
Publication title -
international journal of cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.475
H-Index - 234
eISSN - 1097-0215
pISSN - 0020-7136
DOI - 10.1002/ijc.2910550211
Subject(s) - medicine , cervical cancer , relative risk , gynecology , confounding , obstetrics , population , family planning , cervical screening , epidemiology , confidence interval , cancer , environmental health , research methodology
Data from a hospital‐based case‐control study collected in 11 participating centers in 9 countries were analyzed to determine whether use of combined oral contraceptives alters risk of invasive squamous‐cell cervical cancer. Information on prior use of oral contraceptives, screening for cervical cancer, and suspected risk factors for this disease were ascertained from interviews of 2361 cases and 13,644 controls. A history of smoking and anal and genital warts was obtained, and blood specimens were collected for measurement of antibodies against herpes simplex and cytomegalo viruses, from selected sub‐sets of these women, as was a sexual history from interviews of husbands. The relative risk of invasive squamous‐cell cervical carcinoma was estimated to be 1.31, with a 95% confidence interval that excluded one, in women who ever used combined oral contraceptives. Risk of this disease increased significantly with duration of use after 4 to 5 years from first exposure, and declined with the passage of time after cessation of use to that of non‐users in about 8 years. No sources of bias or confounding were identified that offered plausible explanations for these findings. The strength of these results, and their consistency with those from other studies, suggest that a causal relationship may exist between use of combined oral contraceptives and squamous‐cell cervical carcinoma. Women who have used these products for 4 or more years, and who most recently used them within the past 8 years, should receive high priority for cervical cytologic screening.