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Tobacco and alcohol as risk factors in cancer of the larynx in Kerala, India
Author(s) -
Sankaranarayanan R.,
Duffy Stephen W.,
Nair M. Krishnan,
Padmakumary G.,
Day Nicholas E.
Publication year - 1990
Publication title -
international journal of cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.475
H-Index - 234
eISSN - 1097-0215
pISSN - 0020-7136
DOI - 10.1002/ijc.2910450517
Subject(s) - medicine , relative risk , confounding , chewing tobacco , snuff , alcohol , cigarette smoking , logistic regression , environmental health , risk factor , odds ratio , areca , cancer , confidence interval , pathology , biochemistry , structural engineering , nut , engineering , chemistry
A case‐control study of cancer of the larynx was carried out in Kerala, Southern India, on 191 male cancer cases and 549 male hospital‐based controls. Risk factors investigated were pan(betel)‐tobacco chewing, bidi and cigarette smoking, drinking alcohol and inhaling snuff. Significant positive associations with risk were observed for bidi smoking ( p < 0.001), bidi and cigarette smoking ( p < 0.001) and drinking alcohol ( p < 0.001). A predisposing effect of smoking cigarettes alone approached significance (0.1 < p < 0.05), What appeared to be an almost significant protective effect of pan‐tobacco chewing (0.1 < p < 0.05) was found to be an artefact of confounding with smoking, and indeed a significant predisposing effect was observed of occasional chewing ( p < 0.001). After a stepwise logistic regression to eliminate those factors which were not significant when adjusted for other factors, significant effects remained of durations of bidi smoking and cigarette smoking, daily frequency of bidi and cigarette smoking and duration of alcohol drinking. Relative risks of 7.12, 5.18 and 2.58 were observed for durations of more than 20 years of bidi smoking, cigarette smoking and drinking alcohol respectively, and a relative risk of 12.68 was observed for those smoking more than 20 bidis/cigarettes per day, in each case relative to a baseline of those negative for the relevant habit.