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Risk factors for lung cancer in singapore chinese, a population with high female incidence rates
Author(s) -
MacLennan R.,
da Costa J.,
Day N. E.,
Law C. H.,
Ng Y. K.,
Shanmugaratnam K.
Publication year - 1977
Publication title -
international journal of cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.475
H-Index - 234
eISSN - 1097-0215
pISSN - 0020-7136
DOI - 10.1002/ijc.2910200606
Subject(s) - lung cancer , incidence (geometry) , medicine , adenocarcinoma , demography , population , chinese population , cigarette smoking , cancer , physiology , environmental health , biology , biochemistry , physics , sociology , genotype , optics , gene
The high incidence of lung cancer in Chinese females in Singapore, especially among those belonging to the Cantonese dialect group, and the relatively high rates in Chinese males have been studied by means of interviews of cases and controls. A significant dose‐response effect of cigarette smoking was found for all male and female groups, but neither smoking nor any other exposure explains the high incidence of lung cancer observed in Cantonese females who exhibit high rates of adenocarcinoma apparently unrelated to smoking. In general, persons with a low consumption of green vegetables were at higher risk for lung cancer. This finding might be due to an increased susceptibility in the presence of a relative deficiency of vitamin A.