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Dairy products and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Author(s) -
DuarteSalles Talita,
Fedirko Veronika,
Stepien Magdalena,
Trichopoulou Antonia,
Bamia Christina,
Lagiou Pagona,
Lukanova Annekatrin,
Trepo Elisabeth,
Overvad Kim,
Tjønneland Anne,
Halkjær Jytte,
BoutronRuault MarieChristine,
Racine Antoine,
Cadeau Claire,
Kühn Tilman,
Aleksandrova Krasimira,
Trichopoulos Dimitrios,
Tsiotas Konstantinos,
Boffetta Paolo,
Palli Domenico,
Pala Valeria,
Tumino Rosario,
Sacerdote Carlotta,
Panico Salvatore,
BuenodeMesquita H. Bas,
Dik Vincent K.,
Peeters Petra H.,
Weiderpass Elisabete,
Torhild Gram Inger,
Hjartåker Anette,
Ramón Quirós Jose,
FonsecaNunes Ana,
MolinaMontes Esther,
Dorronsoro Miren,
Navarro Sanchez Carmen,
Barricarte Aurelio,
Lindkvist Björn,
Sonestedt Emily,
Johansson Ingegerd,
Wennberg Maria,
Khaw KayTee,
Wareham Nick,
Travis Ruth C.,
Romieu Isabelle,
Riboli Elio,
Jenab Mazda
Publication year - 2014
Publication title -
international journal of cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.475
H-Index - 234
eISSN - 1097-0215
pISSN - 0020-7136
DOI - 10.1002/ijc.28812
Subject(s) - medicine , prospective cohort study , european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition , hazard ratio , hepatocellular carcinoma , odds ratio , nested case control study , cohort , cohort study , proportional hazards model , vitamin d and neurology , confidence interval , cancer , gastroenterology
Intake of dairy products has been associated with risk of some cancers, but findings are often inconsistent and information on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk is limited, particularly from prospective settings. The aim of our study was to investigate the association between consumption of total and specific dairy products (milk/cheese/yogurt) and their components (calcium/vitamin D/fats/protein), with first incident HCC ( N cases = 191) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort, including a nested case–control subset ( N cases = 122) with the assessment of hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus infections status, liver damage and circulating insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐I levels. For cohort analyses, multivariable‐adjusted Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). For nested case–control analyses, conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% CI. A total of 477,206 participants were followed‐up for an average of 11 years (person‐years follow‐up = 5,415,385). In the cohort study, a significant positive HCC risk association was observed for total dairy products (highest vs . lowest tertile, HR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.13–2.43; p trend = 0.012), milk (HR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.02–2.24; p trend = 0.049), and cheese (HR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.02–2.38; p trend = 0.101), but not yogurt (HR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.65–1.35). Dietary calcium, vitamin D, fat and protein from dairy sources were associated with increased HCC risk, whereas the same nutrients from nondairy sources showed inverse or null associations. In the nested case–control study, similar results were observed among hepatitis‐free individuals. Results from this large prospective cohort study suggest that higher consumption of dairy products, particularly milk and cheese, may be associated with increased HCC risk. Validation of these findings in other populations is necessary. Potential biologic mechanisms require further exploration.