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Possible role of Cdx2 in the serrated pathway of colorectal cancer characterized by BRAF mutation, high‐level CpG Island methylator phenotype and mismatch repair‐deficiency
Author(s) -
Dawson Heather,
Galván José A.,
Helbling Melina,
Muller DominiqueElisabeth,
Karamitopoulou Eva,
Koelzer Viktor H.,
Economou Mary,
Hammer Caroline,
Lugli Alessandro,
Zlobec Inti
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
international journal of cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.475
H-Index - 234
eISSN - 1097-0215
pISSN - 0020-7136
DOI - 10.1002/ijc.28564
Subject(s) - mlh1 , msh6 , msh2 , pms2 , microsatellite instability , colorectal cancer , dna mismatch repair , cancer research , kras , biology , tissue microarray , cancer , dna methylation , lynch syndrome , cdx2 , mutation , medicine , genetics , transcription factor , gene expression , allele , homeobox , gene , microsatellite
Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease at the histomorphological, clinical and molecular level. Approximately 20% of cases may progress through the “serrated” pathway characterized by BRAF mutation and high‐level CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP). A large subgroup are additionally microsatellite instable (MSI) and demonstrate significant loss of tumor suppressor Cdx2. The aim of this study is to determine the specificity of Cdx2 protein expression and CpG promoter hypermethylation for BRAF V600E and high‐level CIMP in colorectal cancer. Cdx2, Mlh1, Msh2, Msh6, and Pms2 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using a multi‐punch tissue microarray (TMA; n = 220 patients). KRAS and BRAF V600E mutation analysis, CDX2 methylation and CIMP were investigated. Loss of Cdx2 was correlated with larger tumor size ( P = 0.0154), right‐sided location ( P = 0.0014), higher tumor grade ( P < 0.0001), more advanced pT ( P = 0.0234) and lymphatic invasion ( P = 0.0351). Specificity was 100% for mismatch repair (MMR)‐deficiency ( P < 0.0001), 92.2% ( P < 0.0001) for BRAF V600E and 91.8% for CIMP‐high. Combined analysis of BRAF V600E /CIMP identified Cdx2 loss as sensitive (80%) and specific (91.5%) for mutation/high status. These results were validated on eight well‐established colorectal cancer cell lines. CDX2 methylation correlated with BRAF V600E ( P = 0.0184) and with Cdx2 protein loss ( P = 0.0028). These results seem to indicate that Cdx2 may play a role in the serrated pathway to colorectal cancer as underlined by strong relationships with BRAF V600E , CIMP‐high and MMR‐deficiency. Whether this protein can only be used as a “surrogate” marker, or is functionally involved in the progression of these tumors remains to be elucidated.