Premium
Hypoxia‐inducible factors as key regulators of tumor inflammation
Author(s) -
Mamlouk Soulafa,
Wielockx Ben
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
international journal of cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.475
H-Index - 234
eISSN - 1097-0215
pISSN - 0020-7136
DOI - 10.1002/ijc.27901
Subject(s) - angiogenesis , hypoxia (environmental) , immune system , metastasis , inflammation , transcription factor , cancer research , hif1a , biology , hypoxia inducible factors , tumor progression , tumor hypoxia , cytokine , immunology , medicine , cancer , radiation therapy , chemistry , gene , genetics , organic chemistry , oxygen
Low levels of oxygen or hypoxia is often an obstacle in health, particularly in pathological disorders like cancer. The main family of transcription factors responsible for cell survival and adaptation under strenuous conditions of hypoxia are the “hypoxia‐inducible factors” (HIFs). Together with prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHDs), HIFs regulates tumor angiogenesis, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, in addition to resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. Additionally, the entire HIF transcription cascade is involved in the “seventh” hallmark of cancer; inflammation. Studies have shown that hypoxia can influence tumor associated immune cells toward assisting in tumor proliferation, differentiation, vessel growth, distant metastasis and suppression of the immune response via cytokine expression alterations. These changes are not necessarily analogous to HIF's role in non‐cancer immune responses, where hypoxia often encourages a strong inflammatory response.