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Plasma cotinine levels and pancreatic cancer in the EPIC cohort study
Author(s) -
Leenders Max,
Chuang ShuChun,
Dahm Christina C.,
Overvad Kim,
Ueland Per Magne,
Midttun Øivind,
Vollset Stein Emil,
Tjønneland Anne,
Halkjær Jytte,
Jenab Mazda,
ClavelChapelon Françoise,
BoutronRuault MarieChristine,
Kaaks Rudolf,
Canzian Federico,
Boeing Heiner,
Weikert Cornelia,
Trichopoulou Antonia,
Bamia Christina,
Naska Androniki,
Palli Domenico,
Pala Valeria,
Mattiello Amalia,
Tumino Rosario,
Sacerdote Carlotta,
van Duijnhoven Fränzel J.B.,
Peeters Petra H.M.,
van Gils Carla H.,
Lund Eiliv,
Rodriguez Laudina,
Duell Eric J.,
Pérez MaríaJosé Sánchez,
MolinaMontes Esther,
Castaño José María Huerta,
Barricarte Aurelio,
Larrañaga Nerea,
Johansen Dorthe,
Lindkvist Björn,
Sund Malin,
Ye Weimin,
Khaw KayTee,
Wareham Nicholas J.,
Michaud Dominique S.,
Riboli Elio,
Xun Wei W.,
Allen Naomi E.,
Crowe Francesca L.,
BuenodeMesquita H. Bas,
Vineis Paolo
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
international journal of cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.475
H-Index - 234
eISSN - 1097-0215
pISSN - 0020-7136
DOI - 10.1002/ijc.26452
Subject(s) - cotinine , medicine , pancreatic cancer , european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition , odds ratio , prospective cohort study , confidence interval , cancer , cohort , cohort study , population , biomarker , risk factor , gastroenterology , nicotine , environmental health , chemistry , biochemistry
Abstract Smoking is an established risk factor for pancreatic cancer, previously investigated by the means of questionnaires. Using cotinine as a biomarker for tobacco exposure allows more accurate quantitative analyses to be performed. This study on pancreatic cancer, nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC cohort), included 146 cases and 146 matched controls. Using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry, plasma cotinine levels were analyzed on average 8.0 years before cancer onset (5–95% range: 2.8–12.0 years). The relation between plasma cotinine levels and pancreatic cancer was analyzed with conditional logistic regression for different levels of cotinine in a population of never and current smokers. This was also done for the self‐reported number of smoked cigarettes per day at baseline. Every increase of 350 nmol/L of plasma cotinine was found to significantly elevate risk of pancreatic cancer [odds ratio (OR): 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–1.60]. People with a cotinine level over 1187.8 nmol/L, a level comparable to smoking 17 cigarettes per day, have an elevated risk of pancreatic cancer, compared to people with cotinine levels below 55 nmol/L (OR: 3.66, 95% CI: 1.44–9.26). The results for self‐reported smoking at baseline also show an increased risk of pancreatic cancer from cigarette smoking based on questionnaire information. People who smoke more than 30 cigarettes per day showed the highest risk compared to never smokers (OR: 4.15, 95% CI: 1.02–16.42). This study is the first to show that plasma cotinine levels are strongly related to pancreatic cancer.