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HAMLET (human α‐lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells) triggers autophagic tumor cell death
Author(s) -
Aits Sonja,
Gustafsson Lotta,
Hallgren Oskar,
Brest Patrick,
Gustafsson Mattias,
Trulsson Maria,
Mossberg AnnKristin,
Simon HansUwe,
Mograbi Baharia,
Svanborg Catharina
Publication year - 2008
Publication title -
international journal of cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.475
H-Index - 234
eISSN - 1097-0215
pISSN - 0020-7136
DOI - 10.1002/ijc.24076
Subject(s) - hamlet (protein complex) , atg5 , programmed cell death , autophagy , microbiology and biotechnology , vacuole , biology , cytoplasm , chemistry , apoptosis , biochemistry , genetics
HAMLET, a complex of partially unfolded α‐lactalbumin and oleic acid, kills a wide range of tumor cells. Here we propose that HAMLET causes macroautophagy in tumor cells and that this contributes to their death. Cell death was accompanied by mitochondrial damage and a reduction in the level of active mTOR and HAMLET triggered extensive cytoplasmic vacuolization and the formation of double‐membrane‐enclosed vesicles typical of macroautophagy. In addition, HAMLET caused a change from uniform (LC3‐I) to granular (LC3‐II) staining in LC3‐GFP‐transfected cells reflecting LC3 translocation during macroautophagy, and this was blocked by the macroautophagy inhibitor 3‐methyladenine. HAMLET also caused accumulation of LC3‐II detected by Western blot when lysosomal degradation was inhibited suggesting that HAMLET caused an increase in autophagic flux. To determine if macroautophagy contributed to cell death, we used RNA interference against Beclin‐1 and Atg5. Suppression of Beclin‐1 and Atg5 improved the survival of HAMLET‐treated tumor cells and inhibited the increase in granular LC3‐GFP staining. The results show that HAMLET triggers macroautophagy in tumor cells and suggest that macroautophagy contributes to HAMLET‐induced tumor cell death. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.