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p ‐Dodecylaminophenol derived from the synthetic retinoid, fenretinide: Antitumor efficacy in vitro and in vivo against human prostate cancer and mechanism of action
Author(s) -
Takahashi Noriko,
Watanabe Yusuke,
Maitani Yoshie,
Yamauchi Takayasu,
Higashiyama Kimio,
Ohba Toshihiro
Publication year - 2007
Publication title -
international journal of cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.475
H-Index - 234
eISSN - 1097-0215
pISSN - 0020-7136
DOI - 10.1002/ijc.23154
Subject(s) - fenretinide , in vivo , retinoid , prostate cancer , apoptosis , propidium iodide , pharmacology , in vitro , mechanism of action , cancer research , growth inhibition , cell growth , prostate , retinoic acid , medicine , chemistry , cancer , cell culture , biology , biochemistry , programmed cell death , microbiology and biotechnology , genetics
Fenretinide, N ‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4‐HPR) is an aminophenol‐containing synthetic retinoid derivative of all‐ trans ‐retinoic acid, which is a potent chemopreventive and antiproliferative agent against various cancers. Clinical studies of 4‐HPR have shown side effects consisting of night blindness and ocular toxicity. To maintain potent anticancer activity without side effects, p ‐dodecylaminophenol ( p ‐DDAP) was designed based on structure–activity relationships of 4‐HPR. In our study, we investigate whether p ‐DDAP shows anticancer activity against human prostate cancer cell line PC‐3 when compared with 4‐HPR. p ‐DDAP inhibited PC‐3 cell growth progressively from low to high concentration in a dose‐dependent manner. p ‐DDAP was the most potent antiproliferative agent in vitro among 6 p ‐alkylaminophenols and 3 4‐hydroxyphenyl analogs examined including 4‐HPR. Cells treated with p ‐DDAP were shown to undergo apoptosis, based on condensation nuclei, cytofluorimetric analysis, propidium iodide staining and the expression of bcl‐2 and caspase 3. p ‐DDAP arrested the S phase of the cell cycle, while 4‐HPR arrested the G 0 /G 1 phase. In addition, both the i.v. and i.p. administration of p ‐DDAP suppressed tumor growth in PC‐3‐implanted mice in vivo . p ‐DDAP showed no effects on blood retinol concentrations, in contrast to reductions after 4‐HPR administration. These results indicate that p ‐DDAP exhibits excellent anticancer efficacy against hormonal independent prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo , and it may have great potential for clinical use in the treatment of prostate cancer with reduced side effects. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.