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Tobacco smoke and bladder cancer—in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition
Author(s) -
Bjerregaard Bine Kjøller,
RaaschouNielsen Ole,
Sørensen Mette,
Frederiksen Kirsten,
Christensen Jane,
Tjønneland Anne,
Overvad Kim,
Chapelon Francoise Clavel,
Nagel Gabriele,
ChangClaude Jenny,
Bergmann Manuela M.,
Boeing Heiner,
Trichopoulos Dimitrios,
Trichopoulou Antonia,
Oikonomou Eleni,
Berrino Franco,
Palli Domenico,
Tumino Rosario,
Vineis Paolo,
Panico Salvatore,
Peeters Petra HM,
BuenodeMesquita H. Bas,
Kiemeney Lambertus,
Gram Inger Torhild,
Braaten Tonje,
Lund Eiliv,
Gonzalez Carlos A.,
Berglund Göran,
Allen Naomi,
Roddam Andrew,
Bingham Sheila,
Riboli Elio
Publication year - 2006
Publication title -
international journal of cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.475
H-Index - 234
eISSN - 1097-0215
pISSN - 0020-7136
DOI - 10.1002/ijc.22169
Subject(s) - bladder cancer , medicine , european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition , tobacco smoke , prospective cohort study , cancer , confidence interval , incidence (geometry) , population , epidemiology , environmental health , physics , optics
Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between smoking and the development of bladder cancer. The study population consisted of 429,906 persons participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), 633 of whom developed bladder cancer during the follow‐up period. An increased risk of bladder cancer was found for both current‐ (incidence rate ratio 3.96, 95% confidence interval: 3.07–5.09) and ex‐ (2.25, 1.74–2.91) smokers, compared to never‐smokers. A positive association with intensity (per 5 cigarettes) was found among current‐smokers (1.18, 1.09–1.28). Associations (per 5 years) were observed for duration (1.14, 1.08–1.21), later age at start (0.75, 0.66–0.85) and longer time since quitting (0.92, 0.86–0.98). Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) during childhood increased the risk of bladder cancer (1.38, 1.00–1.90), whereas for ETS exposure as adult no effect was detected. The present study confirms the strong association between smoking and bladder cancer. The indication of a higher risk of bladder cancer for those who start smoking at a young age and for those exposed to ETS during childhood adds to the body of evidence suggesting that children are more sensitive to carcinogens than adults. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.