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What the eyes already ‘know’: using eye movement measurement to tap into children's implicit numerical magnitude representations
Author(s) -
Heine Angela,
Thaler Verena,
Tamm Sascha,
Hawelka Stefan,
Schneider Michael,
Torbeyns Joke,
De Smedt Bert,
Verschaffel Lieven,
Stern Elsbeth,
Jacobs Arthur M.
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
infant and child development
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.87
H-Index - 57
eISSN - 1522-7219
pISSN - 1522-7227
DOI - 10.1002/icd.640
Subject(s) - gaze , psychology , eye movement , movement (music) , cognitive psychology , numerical cognition , gesture , orientation (vector space) , task (project management) , developmental psychology , artificial intelligence , cognition , computer science , mathematics , philosophy , economics , aesthetics , geometry , management , neuroscience , psychoanalysis
To date, a number of studies have demonstrated the existence of mismatches between children's implicit and explicit knowledge at certain points in development that become manifest by their gestures and gaze orientation in different problem solving contexts. Stimulated by this research, we used eye movement measurement to investigate the development of basic knowledge about numerical magnitude in primary school children. Sixty‐six children from grades one to three (i.e. 6–9 years) were presented with two parallel versions of a number line estimation task of which one was restricted to behavioural measures, whereas the other included the recording of eye movement data. The results of the eye movement experiment indicate a quantitative increase as well as a qualitative change in children's implicit knowledge about numerical magnitudes in this age group that precedes the overt, that is, behavioural, demonstration of explicit numerical knowledge. The finding that children's eye movements reveal substantially more about the presence of implicit precursors of later explicit knowledge in the numerical domain than classical approaches suggests further exploration of eye movement measurement as a potential early assessment tool of individual achievement levels in numerical processing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.