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Parenting as a moderator of the effects of cumulative risk on children's social–emotional adjustment and academic readiness
Author(s) -
Ruberry Erika J.,
Klein Melanie R.,
Kiff Cara J.,
Thompson Stephanie F.,
Lengua Liliana J.
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
infant and child development
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.87
H-Index - 57
eISSN - 1522-7219
pISSN - 1522-7227
DOI - 10.1002/icd.2071
Subject(s) - psychology , developmental psychology , moderation , cumulative risk , social competence , social environment , clinical psychology , social change , social psychology , medicine , political science , law , economics , economic growth
This study examined whether parenting moderated the association between cumulative risk and preschool children's adjustment problems, social competence, and academic readiness. The sample consisted of 306 families representing the full range of income, with 29% at or near poverty and 28% lower income. Cumulative risk and observed maternal parenting behaviours were assessed when the children were 36–40 months, and teachers rated outcomes at 63–68 months. Greater cumulative risk was more strongly related to higher adjustment problems when scaffolding was low and unrelated when it was high, suggesting a protective effect. Consistent limit setting was associated with higher academic readiness regardless of risk level and at low levels of risk it was associated with the highest levels of social competence. A pattern potentially indicating differential effectiveness emerged for warmth, such that, at lower levels of risk, higher warmth was associated with better outcomes, but at higher levels of risk, it was associated with higher levels of problems and poorer social competence and academic readiness. Results suggest that buffering effects of particular parenting behaviours, both alone and in combination, may be context‐specific. Highlights This study examined whether parenting moderated the association between cumulative risk and preschool children's social–emotional adjustment outcomes. Parental warmth, consistent limit‐setting and scaffolding conditioned the relations between risk and child outcomes, yet some of the patterns were unexpected. Further work is needed to confirm whether effective parenting behaviors differ across risk contexts and if these can buffer children from developing adjustment problems.