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Early Temperament and Attachment Security with Mothers and Fathers as Predictors of Toddler Compliance and Noncompliance
Author(s) -
Lickenbrock Diane M.,
BraungartRieker Julia M.,
Ekas Naomi V.,
Zentall Shan R.,
Oshio Toko,
Planalp Elizabeth M.
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
infant and child development
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.87
H-Index - 57
eISSN - 1522-7219
pISSN - 1522-7227
DOI - 10.1002/icd.1808
Subject(s) - temperament , toddler , psychology , developmental psychology , strange situation , attachment theory , reactivity (psychology) , compliance (psychology) , context (archaeology) , parenting styles , personality , social psychology , medicine , paleontology , alternative medicine , pathology , biology
This longitudinal study ( n = 106) examined associations between temperament, attachment, and styles of compliance and noncompliance. Infant negative temperamental reactivity was reported by mothers at 3, 5 and 7 months. Infant attachment was assessed (Strange Situation) at 12 (mothers) and 14 months (fathers). Toddlers' styles of compliance/noncompliance were measured using two laboratory contexts (clean‐up/delay) at 20 months. Results indicated that temperament and attachment predicted toddler behaviour. Toddlers who were secure with mothers and low in temperamental negative reactivity showed more committed compliance than those who were insecure and low in negative reactivity or secure and high in negative reactivity. In addition, interactions revealed that relations between infant–mother attachment and defiance depended on infant–father attachment security, temperament and context. Findings highlight the differential and complex roles of temperament and attachment as potential precursors of later social competence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.