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Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence
Author(s) -
Crippa José Alexandre,
Zuardi Antonio Waldo,
MartínSantos Rocio,
Bhattacharyya Sagnik,
Atakan Zerrin,
McGuire Philip,
FusarPoli Paolo
Publication year - 2009
Publication title -
human psychopharmacology: clinical and experimental
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.461
H-Index - 78
eISSN - 1099-1077
pISSN - 0885-6222
DOI - 10.1002/hup.1048
Subject(s) - cannabis , anxiety , panic , psychiatry , clinical psychology , psychology , social anxiety , effects of cannabis , mechanism (biology) , panic disorder , cannabidiol , philosophy , epistemology
Background Anxiety reactions and panic attacks are the acute symptoms most frequently associated with cannabis use. Understanding the relationship between cannabis and anxiety may clarify the mechanism of action of cannabis and the pathophysiology of anxiety. Aims of the present study were to review the nature of the relationship between cannabis use and anxiety, as well as the possible clinical, diagnostic and causal implications. Method Systematic review of the Medline, PsycLIT and EMBASE literature. Results Frequent cannabis users consistently have a high prevalence of anxiety disorders and patients with anxiety disorders have relatively high rates of cannabis use. However, it is unclear if cannabis use increases the risk of developing long‐lasting anxiety disorders. Many hypotheses have been proposed in an attempt to explain these relationships, including neurobiological, environmental and social influences. Conclusions The precise relationship between cannabis use and anxiety has yet to be established. Research is needed to fully clarify the mechanisms of such the association. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.