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Mutational Spectrum in Holoprosencephaly Shows That FGF is a New Major Signaling Pathway
Author(s) -
Dubourg Christèle,
Carré Wilfrid,
HamdiRozé Houda,
Mouden Charlotte,
Roume Joëlle,
Abdelmajid Benmansour,
Amram Daniel,
Baumann Clarisse,
Chassaing Nicolas,
Coubes Christine,
FaivreOlivier Laurence,
Ginglinger Emmanuelle,
Gonzales Marie,
LevyMozziconacci Annie,
Lynch SallyAnn,
Naudion Sophie,
Pasquier Laurent,
Poidvin Amélie,
Prieur Fabienne,
Sarda Pierre,
Toutain Annick,
Dupé Valérie,
Akloul Linda,
Odent Sylvie,
Tayrac Marie,
David Véronique
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
human mutation
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.981
H-Index - 162
eISSN - 1098-1004
pISSN - 1059-7794
DOI - 10.1002/humu.23038
Subject(s) - holoprosencephaly , biology , fgf8 , genetics , gli2 , genetic testing , gene , multifactorial inheritance , fibroblast growth factor , forebrain , phenotype , fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 , genetic counseling , mutation , bioinformatics , sonic hedgehog , endocrinology , genotype , single nucleotide polymorphism , central nervous system , pregnancy , fetus , receptor
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common congenital cerebral malformation in humans, characterized by impaired forebrain cleavage and midline facial anomalies. It presents a high heterogeneity, both in clinics and genetics. We have developed a novel targeted next‐generation sequencing (NGS) assay and screened a cohort of 257 HPE patients. Mutations with high confidence in their deleterious effect were identified in approximately 24% of the cases and were held for diagnosis, whereas variants of uncertain significance were identified in 10% of cases. This study provides a new classification of genes that are involved in HPE. SHH , ZIC2 , and S IX3 remain the top genes in term of frequency with GLI2 , and are followed by FGF8 and FGFR1 . The three minor HPE genes identified by our study are DLL1 , DISP1 , and SUFU . Here, we demonstrate that fibroblast growth factor signaling must now be considered a major pathway involved in HPE. Interestingly, several cases of double mutations were found and argue for a polygenic inheritance of HPE. Altogether, it supports that the implementation of NGS in HPE diagnosis is required to improve genetic counseling.