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Review and update of mutations causing Waardenburg syndrome
Author(s) -
Pingault Véronique,
Ente Dorothée,
DastotLe Moal Florence,
Goossens Michel,
Marlin Sandrine,
Bondurand Nadège
Publication year - 2010
Publication title -
human mutation
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.981
H-Index - 162
eISSN - 1098-1004
pISSN - 1059-7794
DOI - 10.1002/humu.21211
Subject(s) - microphthalmia associated transcription factor , sox10 , waardenburg syndrome , pax3 , biology , endothelin 3 , genetics , transcription factor , gene , bioinformatics , endothelins , endothelin 1 , receptor , phenotype
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is characterized by the association of pigmentation abnormalities, including depigmented patches of the skin and hair, vivid blue eyes or heterochromia irides, and sensorineural hearing loss. However, other features such as dystopia canthorum, musculoskeletal abnormalities of the limbs, Hirschsprung disease, or neurological defects are found in subsets of patients and used for the clinical classification of WS. Six genes are involved in this syndrome: PAX3 (encoding the paired box 3 transcription factor), MITF (microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor), EDN3 (endothelin 3), EDNRB (endothelin receptor type B), SOX10 (encoding the Sry bOX10 transcription factor), and SNAI2 (snail homolog 2), with different frequencies. In this review we provide an update on all WS genes and set up mutation databases, summarize molecular and functional data available for each of them, and discuss the applications in diagnostics and genetic counseling. Hum Mutat 31, 1–16, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.