Constant performance in balance and proprioception tests across the menstrual cycle – a pilot study in well trained female ice hockey players on hormonal contraception

Abstract Introduction It has yet to be explained why female athletes appear to suffer more often from non‐contact ligament injuries during the first half of the menstrual cycle. Fluctuations in balance, caused by impaired proprioception due to increased fluid retention, may be relevant factors contributing to this anomaly in distribution. The aim of this study was therefore to uncover relationships between dynamic stability, proprioception and fluid retention in association with the menstrual cycle as a possible explanation for the observed changes in injury rates. Methods Nine healthy, female, well trained ice hockey players on hormonal contraception with regular cycles were tested at least twelve times during one menstrual cycle. Bioimpedance analysis was applied to investigate body composition and fluid distribution. A joint position sense test was performed to characterize changes in proprioception, while unexpected perturbations on a balance board were used to obtain measures for dynamic postural control. Results No distinct changes in proprioception, dynamic stability and fluid retention were identified across the menstrual cycle in this population. Weak correlations were found between parameters for dynamic stability and proprioception. Conclusion Variations in proprioception, dynamic stability and fluid retention seem unlikely to be major contributors to injury risk peaks, at least in this population of healthy trained athletes using hormonal contraception.