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Mailed Outreach Invitations Significantly Improve HCC Surveillance Rates in Patients With Cirrhosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Author(s) -
Singal Amit G.,
Tiro Jasmin A.,
Murphy Caitlin C.,
Marrero Jorge A.,
McCallister Katharine,
Fullington Hannah,
Mejias Caroline,
Waljee Akbar K.,
Pechero Bishop Wendy,
Santini Noel O.,
Halm Ethan A.
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
hepatology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 5.488
H-Index - 361
eISSN - 1527-3350
pISSN - 0270-9139
DOI - 10.1002/hep.30129
Subject(s) - outreach , medicine , hepatocellular carcinoma , cirrhosis , randomized controlled trial , psychological intervention , family medicine , cohort , overdiagnosis , clinical trial , nursing , political science , law
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance is associated with early tumor detection and improved survival in patients with cirrhosis; however, effectiveness is limited by underuse. We compared the effectiveness of mailed outreach and patient navigation strategies to increase HCC surveillance in a racially diverse cohort of patients with cirrhosis. We conducted a pragmatic randomized clinical trial comparing mailed outreach for screening ultrasound (n = 600), mailed outreach plus patient navigation (n = 600), or usual care with visit‐based screening (n = 600) among 1800 patients with cirrhosis at a large safety‐net health system from December 2014 to March 2017. Patients who did not respond to outreach invitations within 2 weeks received reminder telephone calls. Patient navigation included an assessment of barriers to surveillance and encouragement of surveillance participation. The primary outcome was HCC surveillance (abdominal imaging every 6 months) over an 18‐month period. All 1800 patients were included in intention‐to‐screen analyses. HCC surveillance was performed in 23.3% of outreach/navigation patients, 17.8% of outreach‐alone patients, and 7.3% of usual care patients. HCC surveillance was 16.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 12.0%‐20.0%) and 10.5% (95% CI: 6.8%‐14.2%) higher in outreach groups than usual care ( P < 0.001 for both) and 5.5% (95% CI: 0.9%‐10.1%) higher for outreach/navigation than outreach alone ( P = 0.02). Both interventions increased HCC surveillance across predefined patient subgroups. The proportion of HCC patients detected at an early stage did not differ between groups; however, a higher proportion of patients with screen‐detected HCC across groups had early‐stage tumors than those with HCC detected incidentally or symptomatically (83.3% versus 30.8%, P = 0.003). Conclusion: Mailed outreach invitations and navigation significantly increased HCC surveillance versus usual care in patients with cirrhosis.