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Identification of a chronic non‐neurodegenerative microglia activation state in a mouse model of peroxisomal β‐oxidation deficiency
Author(s) -
Verheijden Simon,
Beckers Lien,
Casazza Andrea,
Butovsky Oleg,
Mazzone Massimiliano,
Baes Myriam
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
glia
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.954
H-Index - 164
eISSN - 1098-1136
pISSN - 0894-1491
DOI - 10.1002/glia.22831
Subject(s) - microglia , biology , peroxisome , neuroscience , identification (biology) , immunology , inflammation , biochemistry , receptor , botany
The functional diversity and molecular adaptations of reactive microglia in the chronically inflamed central nervous system (CNS) are poorly understood. We previously showed that mice lacking multifunctional protein 2 (MFP2), a pivotal enzyme in peroxisomal β‐oxidation, persistently accumulate reactive myeloid cells in the gray matter of the CNS. Here, we show that the increased numbers of myeloid cells solely derive from the proliferation of resident microglia and not from infiltrating monocytes. We defined the signature of Mfp2 −/− microglia by gene expression profiling after acute isolation, which was validated by quantitative polymerase reaction (qPCR), immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric analysis. The features of Mfp2 −/− microglia were compared with those from SOD1 G93A mice, an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model. In contrast to the neurodegenerative milieu of SOD1 G93A spinal cord, neurons were intact in Mfp2 −/− brain and Mfp2 −/− microglia lacked signs of phagocytic and neurotoxic activity. The chronically reactive state of Mfp2 −/− microglia was accompanied by the downregulation of markers that specify the unique microglial signature in homeostatic conditions. In contrast, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and downstream glycolytic and protein translation pathways were induced, indicative of metabolic adaptations. Mfp2 −/− microglia were immunologically activated but not polarized to a pro‐ or anti‐inflammatory phenotype. A peripheral lipopolysaccharide challenge provoked an exaggerated inflammatory response in Mfp2 −/− brain, consistent with a primed state. Taken together, we demonstrate that chronic activation of resident microglia does not necessarily lead to phagocytosis nor overt neurotoxicity. GLIA 2015;63:1606–1620

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