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Regulation of microglia effector functions by tumor necrosis factor signaling
Author(s) -
Harms Ashley S.,
Lee JaeKyung,
Nguyen Thi A.,
Chang Jianjun,
Ruhn Kelly M.,
Treviño Isaac,
Tansey Malú G.
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
glia
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 2.954
H-Index - 164
eISSN - 1098-1136
pISSN - 0894-1491
DOI - 10.1002/glia.21254
Subject(s) - biology , microglia , effector , neuroscience , tumor necrosis factor alpha , tumor necrosis factor α , tumor necrosis factors , microbiology and biotechnology , signal transduction , neuroglia , immunology , inflammation , central nervous system
The exact biological role of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the central nervous system (CNS) is not well understood; but overproduction of TNF by activated microglia has been implicated in neuronal death, suggesting that TNF inhibition in the CNS may be a viable neuroprotective strategy. We investigated the role of TNF signaling in regulation of microglia effector functions using molecular, cellular, and functional analyses of postnatal and adult microglia populations in the CNS. No differences were found by flow cytometric analyses in the basal activation state between TNF‐null and wild‐type mice. Although TNF‐null microglia displayed an atypical morphology with cytoplasmic vacuoles in response to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the phagocytic response of TNF‐null microglia to Escherichia coli particles in vitro was normal and there were no signs of enhanced caspase 3 activation or apoptosis. Functionally, conditioned media from LPS‐stimulated TNF‐null microglia was found to have significantly reduced levels of IL‐10, IL‐6, IL‐1β, IL‐12, and CXCL1 relative to wild‐type microglia and exerted no cytotoxic effects on neurally differentiated dopaminergic (DA) MN9D cells. In contrast, incubation of wild‐type microglia with TNF inhibitors selectively depleted the levels of soluble TNF and its cytotoxicity on MN9D cells. To distinguish whether reduced cytotoxicity by LPS‐activated TNF‐null microglia could be attributed to deficient autocrine TNF signaling, we employed primary microglia deficient in one or both TNF receptors (TNFR1 and TNFR2) in co‐culture with MN9D cells and found that neither receptor is required to elicit LPS‐evoked TNF production and cytotoxicity on DA cells. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.