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An update of molecular pathology of bone tumors. Lessons learned from investigating samples by next generation sequencing
Author(s) -
Baumhoer Daniel,
Amary Fernanda,
Flanagan Adrienne M.
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
genes, chromosomes and cancer
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.754
H-Index - 119
eISSN - 1098-2264
pISSN - 1045-2257
DOI - 10.1002/gcc.22699
Subject(s) - chondroblastoma , idh2 , pathology , chondrosarcoma , chondromyxoid fibroma , giant cell tumor of bone , chondroma , biology , mesenchymal chondrosarcoma , primary bone , idh1 , aneurysmal bone cyst , medicine , giant cell , mutation , genetics , lesion , gene
The last decade has seen the majority of primary bone tumor subtypes become defined by molecular genetic alteration. Examples include giant cell tumour of bone ( H3F3A p.G34W), chondroblastoma ( H3F3B p.K36M), mesenchymal chondrosarcoma ( HEY1‐NCOA2 ), chondromyxoid fibroma (GRM1 rearrangements), aneurysmal bone cyst ( USP6 rearrangements), osteoblastoma/osteoid osteoma ( FOS/FOSB rearrangements), and synovial chondromatosis ( FN1‐ACVR2A and ACVR2A‐FN1 ). All such alterations are mutually exclusive. Many of these have been translated into clinical service using immunohistochemistry or FISH. 60% of central chondrosarcoma is characterised by either isocitrate dehydrogenase ( IDH ) 1 or IDH2 mutations distinguishing them from other cartilaginous tumours. In contrast, recurrent alterations which are clinically helpful have not been found in high grade osteosarcoma. High throughput next generation sequencing has also proved valuable in identifying germ line alterations in a significant proportion of young patients with primary malignant bone tumors. These findings will play an increasing role in reaching a diagnosis and in patient management.