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Toxicity of sodium tungstate to earthworm, oat, radish, and lettuce
Author(s) -
Bamford Josie E.,
Butler Alicia D.,
Heim Katherine E.,
Pittinger Charles A.,
Lemus Ranulfo,
Staveley Jane P.,
Lee K. Brian,
Venezia Carmen,
Pardus Michael J.
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
environmental toxicology and chemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.1
H-Index - 171
eISSN - 1552-8618
pISSN - 0730-7268
DOI - 10.1002/etc.635
Subject(s) - raphanus , lactuca , shoot , earthworm , eisenia fetida , sodium tungstate , dry weight , chemistry , toxicity , springtail , avena , zoology , tungsten , horticulture , agronomy , ecotoxicology , environmental chemistry , biology , organic chemistry
Due to unknown effects of the potential exposure of the terrestrial environment to tungsten substances, a series of toxicity studies of sodium tungstate (Na 2 WO 4 ) was conducted. The effect on earthworm ( Eisenia fetida ) survival and reproduction was examined using Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) Guideline 222. No effect on either endpoint was seen at the highest concentration tested, resulting in a 56‐d no‐observed‐effect concentration (NOEC) of ≥586 mg tungsten/kg dry soil (nominal concentrations). The effect of sodium tungstate on emergence and growth of plant species was examined according to OECD Guideline 208: oat ( Avena sativa ), radish ( Raphanus sativus ), and lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ). No effects on emergence, shoot height, and dry shoot weight were observed in oats exposed to the highest concentration, resulting in a 21‐d NOEC of ≥586 mg tungsten/kg dry soil. The NOECs for radish and lettuce were 65 and 21.7 mg tungsten/kg dry soil (nominal concentrations), respectively. Respective 21‐d median effective concentration values (EC50) for radish and lettuce were >586 and 313 mg tungsten/kg dry soil (based on shoot height) (confidence level [CL] −8.5–615); EC25 values were 152 (CL 0–331) and 55 (CL 0–114) mg tungsten/kg dry soil. Results are consistent with the few other tungsten substance terrestrial toxicity studies in the literature. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2312–2318. © 2011 SETAC