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Core chemistry influences the toxicity of multicomponent metal oxide nanomaterials, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, and lithium cobalt oxide to Daphnia magna
Author(s) -
Bozich Jared,
Hang Mimi,
Hamers Robert,
Klaper Rebecca
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
environmental toxicology and chemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.1
H-Index - 171
eISSN - 1552-8618
pISSN - 0730-7268
DOI - 10.1002/etc.3791
Subject(s) - daphnia magna , lithium cobalt oxide , cobalt , chemistry , cobalt oxide , lithium (medication) , environmental chemistry , oxide , manganese , inorganic chemistry , nuclear chemistry , toxicity , battery (electricity) , lithium ion battery , biology , organic chemistry , power (physics) , physics , quantum mechanics , endocrinology
Lithium intercalation compounds such as lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) are used extensively in lithium batteries. Because there is currently little economic incentive for recycling, chances are greater that batteries will end up in landfills or waste in the environment. In addition, the toxicity of these battery materials traditionally has not been part of the design process. Therefore, to determine the environmental impact and the possibility of alternative battery materials, representative complex battery nanomaterials, LCO and NMC, were synthesized, and toxicity was assessed in Daphnia magna . Toxicity was determined by assessing LCO and NMC at concentrations in the range of 0.1 to 25 mg/L. Acute studies (48 h) showed no effect to daphnid survival at 25 mg/L, whereas chronic studies (21 d) show significant impacts to daphnid reproduction and survival at concentrations of 0.25 mg/L for LCO and 1.0 mg/L for NMC. Dissolved metal exposures showed no effect at the amounts measured in suspension, and supernatant controls could not reproduce the effects of the particles, indicating a nanomaterial‐specific impact. Genes explored in the present study were actin, glutathione‐s‐transferase, catalase, 18s, metallothionein, heat shock protein, and vitellogenin. Down‐regulation of genes important in metal detoxification, metabolism, and cell maintenance was observed in a dose‐dependent manner. The results show that battery material chemical composition can be altered to minimize environmental impacts. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2493–2502. © 2017 SETAC