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Modulation of immune and antioxidant responses by azinphos‐methyl in the freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis challenged with Escherichia coli
Author(s) -
Castro Juan Manuel,
Bianchi Virginia Angélica,
Pascual Mariano,
Venturino Andrés,
Luquet Carlos Marcelo
Publication year - 2017
Publication title -
environmental toxicology and chemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.1
H-Index - 171
eISSN - 1552-8618
pISSN - 0730-7268
DOI - 10.1002/etc.3612
Subject(s) - thiobarbituric acid , alkaline phosphatase , acid phosphatase , glutathione , escherichia coli , biochemistry , antioxidant , lipid peroxidation , chemistry , acetone , biology , microbiology and biotechnology , enzyme , gene
The aim of the present study was to characterize the immune response—total hemocyte number, cell type proportion, hemocyte viability, lysosomal membrane stability, phagocytic activity, cellular acid and alkaline phosphatase activity, and humoral bacteriolytic and phenoloxidase activity—in Diplodon chilensis exposed to 0.2 mg/L of azinphos‐methyl (AZM), using Escherichia coli as immunological and pro‐oxidant challenges. In addition, glutathione‐S‐transferase and lipid peroxidation thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were analyzed in gill tissue. Mussels from an unpolluted site were treated for 3 d as follows: 1) experimental control; 2) solvent effects control (acetone 0.01%); 3) bacterial challenge effects control ( E. coli , 5 cells/mL × 10 4 cells/mL); 4) pesticide effects control (AZM in acetone); 5) control for combined effects of solvent and bacterial challenge; and 6) exposed to AZM, then challenged with E. coli . The results showed increased granulocyte proportion and phagocytic activity. Partial reversion of deleterious effects of E. coli on lysosomal membranes was observed in mussels exposed to AZM and then challenged with E. coli . Total hemocyte number and humoral bacteriolytic activity were increased only by E. coli challenge. Acid phosphatase activity was increased by both E. coli and AZM, whereas the stimulating effect of E. coli on alkaline phosphatase activity was negatively modulated by AZM. Azinphos‐methyl inhibited phenoloxidase activity regardless of the E. coli challenge. Gill glutathione‐S‐transferase activity was increased by E. coli treatment either alone or pretreated with acetone or AZM and by AZM alone. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels were reduced by AZM alone or combined with the E. coli challenge and by acetone followed by the E. coli challenge. Both acetone and AZM seem to be important modulators of immune and antioxidant responses in D. chilensis . Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1785–1794. © 2016 SETAC