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Developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphate flame retardants in early life stages of Japanese medaka ( Oryzias latipes )
Author(s) -
Sun Liwei,
Tan Hana,
Peng Tao,
Wang Sisi,
Xu Wenbin,
Qian Haifeng,
Jin Yuanxiang,
Fu Zhengwei
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
environmental toxicology and chemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.1
H-Index - 171
eISSN - 1552-8618
pISSN - 0730-7268
DOI - 10.1002/etc.3477
Subject(s) - organophosphate , triphenyl phosphate , oryzias , fire retardant , neurotoxicity , developmental toxicity , environmental chemistry , chemistry , toxicology , microplastics , phosphate , polybrominated diphenyl ethers , toxicity , pesticide , biology , biochemistry , pollutant , fetus , organic chemistry , ecology , pregnancy , genetics , gene
Because brominated flame retardants are being banned or phased out worldwide, organophosphate flame retardants have been used as alternatives on a large scale and have thus become ubiquitous environmental contaminants; this raises great concerns about their environmental health risk and toxicity. Considering that previous research has identified the nervous system as a sensitive target, Japanese medaka were used as an aquatic organism model to evaluate the developmental neurotoxicity of 4 organophosphate flame retardants: triphenyl phosphate, tri‐n‐butyl phosphate, tris(2‐butoxyethyl) phosphate, and tris(2‐chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). The embryo toxicity test showed that organophosphate flame retardant exposure could decrease hatchability, delay time to hatching, increase the occurrence of malformations, reduce body length, and slow heart rate. Regarding locomotor behavior, exposure to the tested organophosphate flame retardants (except TCEP) for 96 h resulted in hypoactivity for medaka larvae in both the free‐swimming and the dark‐to‐light photoperiod stimulation test. Changes of acetylcholinesterase activity and transcriptional responses of genes related to the nervous system likely provide a reasonable explanation for the neurobehavioral disruption. Overall, the present study clearly demonstrates the developmental neurotoxicity of various organophosphate flame retardants with very different potency and contribute to the determination of which organophosphate flame retardants are appropriate substitutes, as well as the consideration of whether regulations are reasonable and required. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2931–2940. © 2016 SETAC