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Development and comparison of four methods for the extraction of antibiotics from a vegetative matrix
Author(s) -
Sallach J. Brett,
Snow Daniel,
Hodges Laurie,
Li Xu,
BarteltHunt Shan
Publication year - 2016
Publication title -
environmental toxicology and chemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.1
H-Index - 171
eISSN - 1552-8618
pISSN - 0730-7268
DOI - 10.1002/etc.3214
Subject(s) - chromatography , analyte , sample preparation , extraction (chemistry) , detection limit , chemistry , lincomycin , flumequine , roxithromycin , oxytetracycline , ciprofloxacin , antibiotics , enrofloxacin , erythromycin , biochemistry
Studies have shown the potential for antibiotic uptake into food crops from irrigation water and soils containing pharmaceuticals. The objective of the present study was to develop and compare methods quantifying uptake of antibiotics in food crops. Four methods were evaluated: freeze‐and‐thaw cell lysing, mechanical maceration, tissue sonication, and microwave‐assisted solvent extraction. Four antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole) were tested representing 4 classes of antibiotics. The methods were evaluated based on method detection limits, analyte recoveries, and sample preparation time. The 2 most viable methods, freeze‐and‐thaw lysing and mechanical maceration, were used on replicate lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) samples grown using irrigation water spiked with 3 of the antibiotic contaminants. Only lincomycin and sulfamethoxazole were detected in lettuce samples at concentrations as high as 1757 ng/g and 425 ng/g, with detection limits of 57 ng/g and 35 ng/g, respectively. Freeze‐and‐thaw cell lysing provided the highest level of extraction efficiency on environmental samples and required the least amount of sample preparation while providing adequate detection limits and reproducible analyte recovery. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:889–897. © 2015 SETAC