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Brain region distribution and patterns of bioaccumulative perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and sulfonates in East Greenland polar bears ( Ursus maritimus )
Author(s) -
Greaves Alana K.,
Letcher Robert J.,
Sonne Christian,
Dietz Rune
Publication year - 2013
Publication title -
environmental toxicology and chemistry
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.1
H-Index - 171
eISSN - 1552-8618
pISSN - 0730-7268
DOI - 10.1002/etc.2107
Subject(s) - ursus maritimus , perfluorooctane , chemistry , pons , bioaccumulation , cerebellum , wet weight , environmental chemistry , biology , endocrinology , sulfonate , anatomy , ecology , organic chemistry , arctic , sodium
The present study investigated the comparative accumulation of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in eight brain regions of polar bears ( Ursus maritimus , n = 19) collected in 2006 from Scoresby Sound, East Greenland. The PFAAs studied were perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs, C 6 –C 15 chain lengths) and sulfonates (C 4 , C 6 , C 8 , and C 10 chain lengths) as well as selected precursors including perfluorooctane sulfonamide. On a wet‐weight basis, blood–brain barrier transport of PFAAs occurred for all brain regions, although inner regions of the brain closer to incoming blood flow (pons/medulla, thalamus, and hypothalamus) contained consistently higher PFAA concentrations compared to outer brain regions (cerebellum, striatum, and frontal, occipital, and temporal cortices). For pons/medulla, thalamus, and hypothalamus, the most concentrated PFAAs were perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), ranging from 47 to 58 ng/g wet weight, and perfluorotridecanoic acid, ranging from 43 to 49 ng/g wet weight. However, PFOS and the longer‐chain PFCAs (C 10 –C 15 ) were significantly ( p < 0.002) positively correlated with lipid content for all brain regions. Lipid‐normalized PFOS and PFCA (C 10 –C 15 ) concentrations were not significantly ( p > 0.05) different among brain regions. The burden of the sum of PFCAs, perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, and perfluorooctane sulfonamide in the brain (average mass, 392 g) was estimated to be 46 µg. The present study demonstrates that both PFCAs and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates cross the blood–brain barrier in polar bears and that wet‐weight concentrations are brain region–specific. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:713–722. © 2012 SETAC