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The influence of lithology on channel geometry and bed sediment organization in mountainous hillslope‐coupled streams
Author(s) -
Fratkin Michael Mulugetta,
Segura Catalina,
BywaterReyes Sharon
Publication year - 2020
Publication title -
earth surface processes and landforms
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.294
H-Index - 127
eISSN - 1096-9837
pISSN - 0197-9337
DOI - 10.1002/esp.4885
Subject(s) - geology , lithology , streams , bedrock , sediment , alluvium , sediment transport , channel (broadcasting) , geomorphology , slumping , grain size , stream power , structural basin , sorting , hydrology (agriculture) , imbrication , debris , cobble , petrology , geotechnical engineering , tectonics , computer network , paleontology , oceanography , engineering , computer science , electrical engineering , programming language , ecology , habitat , biology
Sediment transport and channel morphology in mountainous hillslope‐coupled streams reflect a mixture of hillslope and channel processes. However, the influence of lithology on channel form and adjustment and sediment transport remains poorly understood. Patterns of channel form, grain size, and transport capacity were investigated in two gravel‐bed streams with contrasting lithology (basalt and sandstone) in the Oregon Coast Range, USA, in a region in which widespread landslides and debris flows occurred in 1996. This information was used to evaluate threshold channel conditions and channel bed adjustment since 1996. Channel geometry, slope, and valley width were measured or extracted from LiDAR and sediment textures were measured in the surface and subsurface. Similar coarsening patterns in the first few kilometres of both streams indicated strong hillslope influences, but subsequent downstream fining was lithology‐dependent. Despite these differences, surface grain size was strongly related to shear stress, such that the ratio of available to critical shear stress for motion of the median surface grain size at bankfull stage was around one over most of the surveyed lengths. This indicated hydraulic sorting of supplied sediment, independent of lithology. We infer a cycle of adjustment to sediment delivered during the 1996 flooding, from threshold conditions, to non‐alluvial characteristics, to threshold conditions in both basins. The sandstone basin can also experience complete depletion of the gravel‐size alluvium to sand size, leading to bedrock exposure because of high diminution rates. Although debris flows being more frequent in a basalt basin, this system will likely display threshold‐like characteristics over a longer period, indicating that the lithologic control on channel adjustment is driven by differences in rock competence that control grain size and available gravel for bed load transport. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.