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Heterogeneous distributions of CO 2 may be more important for dissolution and karstification in coastal eogenetic limestone than mixing dissolution
Author(s) -
Gulley Jason D.,
Martin Jonathon B.,
Moore Paul J.,
Brown Amy,
Spellman Patricia D.,
Ezell John
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
earth surface processes and landforms
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 1.294
H-Index - 127
eISSN - 1096-9837
pISSN - 0197-9337
DOI - 10.1002/esp.3705
Subject(s) - dissolution , phreatic , geology , karst , carbonate , aquifer , calcite , mineralogy , geochemistry , groundwater , geomorphology , chemistry , paleontology , geotechnical engineering , organic chemistry
Mixing dissolution, a process whereby mixtures of two waters with different chemical compositions drive undersaturation with respect to carbonate minerals, is commonly considered to form cavernous macroporosity (e.g. flank margin caves and banana holes) in eogenetic karst aquifers. On small islands, macroporosity commonly originates when focused dissolution forms globular chambers lacking entrances to the surface, suggesting that dissolution processes are decoupled from surface hydrology. Mixing dissolution has been thought to be the primary dissolution process because meteoric water would equilibrate rapidly with calcium carbonate as it infiltrates through matrix porosity and because pCO 2 was assumed to be homogeneously distributed within the phreatic zone. Here, we report data from two abandoned well fields in an eogenetic karst aquifer on San Salvador Island, Bahamas, that demonstrate pCO 2 in the phreatic zone is distributed heterogeneously. The pCO 2 varied from less than log −2.0 to more than log −1.0 atm over distances of less than 30 m, generating dissolution in the subsurface where water flows from regions of low to high pCO 2 and cementation where water flows from regions of high to low pCO 2. Using simple geochemical models, we show dissolution caused by heterogeneously distributed pCO 2 can dissolve 2.5 to 10 times more calcite than the maximum amount possible by mixing of freshwater and seawater. Dissolution resulting from spatial variability in pCO 2 forms isolated, globular chambers lacking initial entrances to the surface, a morphology that is characteristic of flank margin caves and banana holes, both of which have entrances that form by erosion or collapse after cave formation. Our results indicate that heterogeneous pCO 2 , rather than mixing dissolution, may be the dominant mechanism for observed spatial distribution of dissolution, cementation and macroporosity generation in eogenetic karst aquifers and for landscape development in these settings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.