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Review of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) based heating and cooling technologies: Past, present, and future outlook
Author(s) -
Dilshad Saad,
Kalair Ali Raza,
Khan Nasrullah
Publication year - 2019
Publication title -
international journal of energy research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.808
H-Index - 95
eISSN - 1099-114X
pISSN - 0363-907X
DOI - 10.1002/er.5024
Subject(s) - refrigerant , refrigeration , transcritical cycle , montreal protocol , air conditioning , air source heat pumps , vapor compression refrigeration , coefficient of performance , environmental science , hvac , heat pump and refrigeration cycle , gas compressor , waste management , engineering , meteorology , ozone layer , mechanical engineering , ozone , geography
Summary Refrigerants bearing high global warming potential (GWP) and ozone depletion potential (ODP) were outlawed or facing time‐beared permission under the Montreal (1987), Kyoto (1997) protocols, F‐Gas law (2015), Paris Accord (2016), and recent Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol (2019). In order to modify followed by the paradigm shift of existing heating and cooling systems, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air‐Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) envisaged natural and synthetic refrigerants (Synrefs) are under investigation globally. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a popular natural refrigerant (Natref) replacing Synrefs used in commercial heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) systems globally. A rampant rise is observed in markets of Asia (Japan and China), North America (the United States and Canada), the Australian continent, and Africa (South Africa) by reaching 20 000 CO 2 ‐stores around the globe. The European markets are leading the utilization of CO 2 in the heat pump, and refrigeration, CO 2 based markets estimate 14% of the total food retail stores (400 m 2 ). Japan is the second leading market of CO 2 heat pump and refrigeration with more than 10 200 CO 2 condensing units. CO 2 transcritical systems have a share of more than 10% in only European market (large stores); however, their share is less than 10% of total stores in other major markets of the world. New pump and compressor‐driven transcritical CO 2 systems integrate ejectors, condensers, and booster systems to reduce energy consumptions, enhance efficiency, efficacy, and coefficient of performance. This article reports a critical review of the CO 2 based heating, cooling, and refrigeration system and presents updated literature along with barriers and challenges on commercial use of Natref‐based heating and cooling applications worldwide.