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A conceptual spacecraft radioisotope thermoelectric and heating unit (RTHU)
Author(s) -
Williams H. R.,
Ambrosi R. M.,
Bannister N. P.,
SamaraRatna P.,
Sykes J.
Publication year - 2011
Publication title -
international journal of energy research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.808
H-Index - 95
eISSN - 1099-114X
pISSN - 0363-907X
DOI - 10.1002/er.1864
Subject(s) - spacecraft , thermoelectric effect , modular design , environmental science , thermal energy , thermoelectric generator , process engineering , computer science , mechanical engineering , nuclear engineering , aerospace engineering , engineering , physics , quantum mechanics , thermodynamics , operating system
SUMMARY Spacecraft venturing to the outer planets and beyond—or onto the planetary surface where available solar energy is reduced—benefit from the longevity and consistency of electrical and thermal energy derived from radioisotope energy sources. A review of likely mission requirements and concept studies of small electrical generating units (<10 W e ) reveals a potential opportunity for a unit with an electrical output of around 1 W e that can also supply some heat to the spacecraft to aid thermal control: a radioisotope thermoelectric and heating unit. This power requirement cannot be achieved with current US space‐qualified modular radioisotope fuel assemblies. Additionally, new European programmes consider 241 Am fuel to be much more cost effective than 238 Pu. Taken together, these factors provide the rationale for taking a relatively ‘clean‐sheet’ approach to design of a radioisotope thermoelectric and heating unit fuelled with 241 Am. In this paper, initial requirements and performance targets for such a unit are developed, a simple concept design and thermal model is presented and the performance and mass are estimated. The results suggest that units generating 1–2 W e may achieve a specific power of around 0.7–0.9 W e kg −1 without the thermal inputs to spacecraft becoming impractically large. Such units can use a bismuth telluride thermoelectric material, which is commercially applied in terrestrial applications and is therefore likely to incur lower cost and development risk than more specialised compounds. This study may form the basis of a more detailed design effort. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.